Academic Science Journal (ASJ) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal published quarterly by the College of Science, University of Diyala, Iraq. The journal provides a scholarly platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to publish original research articles, review articles, and high-quality scientific studies in the fields of pure and applied sciences. ASJ welcomes contributions that present sound methodology, clear scientific value, and meaningful advancement of knowledge. ASJ is committed to maintaining high academic and ethical standards in scholarly publishing. All submitted manuscripts are evaluated according to their originality, scientific quality, methodological rigor, clarity of presentation, relevance to the journal’s scope, and contribution to the scientific community. The journal applies a double-blind peer-review process to ensure fair, objective, and unbiased evaluation. Editorial decisions are based on the scientific merit of the manuscript and the recommendations of qualified reviewers. As an open-access journal, ASJ makes all published articles freely available to readers immediately upon publication. This policy supports the dissemination of scientific knowledge, enhances accessibility, and promotes academic exchange among researchers, institutions, and the wider scientific community. ASJ welcomes submissions from researchers in Iraq and around the world and encourages ethical, innovative, and scientifically rigorous research that supports scientific development and strengthens academic collaboration.
College of Science - University of Diyala
Adaptive Thresholding in TDEEC to Achieve Energy Saving and Long Life of WSNs
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become a technology foundation in the new era of technological ecosystems and can be used in multiple fields. Nevertheless, sensor nodes are energy-constrained, and network stability and lifetime are directly dependent on the energy capacity of the sensor nodes. Routing protocols based on clustering have been popular to resolve energy efficiency issues, but they still face limitations. To solve these issues, the current study suggests an improved Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (TDEEC) protocol, which will add a dynamic and adaptive threshold-based CH election mechanism. This adaptive technique will guarantee a fairer allocation of Cluster Head (CH) roles, minimize the premature mortality of nodes as well as provide equalized energy consumption in the network. The results showed that the improved TDEEC protocol has high stability, long network lifetime, and high throughput. The findings reflect sluggish first-node fatality, enhanced energy efficiency, and augmented data packet volume that has been efficiently conveyed to Base Station (BS) by 25% more than the original protocol. improved TDEEC overcomes the weaknesses of current models.
Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (TDEEC), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Energy Efficiency, Cluster Head (CH).
Copyright (c) 2026 CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using MATLAB For Steepest Descent Algorithm (SD) with Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (CG) For Minimizing Unconstrained problems
This paper considers the steepest descent algorithm (SD) and the conjugate gradient algorithm (CG) with a new parameter to minimize nonlinear unconstrained problems. We improve a new parameter for the conjugate gradient algorithm (CG). This new makes the conjugate gradient algorithm (CG) more efficient. Algorithms are submitted and run in the MATLAB program for several examples of minimization problems. The nonlinear functions for unconstrained minimization problems that were used in this paper have not been studied in previous publications. The implementation of the MATLAB program shows that the conjugate gradient algorithm (CG) with new It is more effective than the steepest descent algorithm (SD) while the run time for the steepest descent algorithm (SD) is less than that of the conjugate gradient algorithm (CG). The contribution of this paper will be important to solving more complicated unconstrained nonlinear problems for more variables.
Action Theory of Fuzzy Bornological Groups
This paper explores the action theory of fuzzy bornological groups. We investigate the scenario where a fuzzy bornological group acts on a fuzzy bornological set such that the action map is fuzzy bounded. Initially, we establish that both left and right translation functions are fuzzy bounded maps. This motivates us to consider a new action called a fuzzy bounded action. The primary goal of studying this action is to examine the effects of the fuzzy bornological groups on the fuzzy bornological sets by partitioning the fuzzy bornological sets into orbits. Furthermore, we define an invariant subset of under the fuzzy bounded action of . Furthermore, the intersection and the union for a collection of invariant fuzzy bounded sets are also invariant fuzzy bounded sets. Finally, we characterize the orbital structure and prove a fundamental result a fuzzy bornological group action effectively partitions the fuzzy bornological set into orbits through fuzzy bornological isomorphism.
The Genetic Aspects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A General Review
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a complicated endocrine disorder with major reproductive, metabolic, and psychological complications that affects reproductive-aged women generally. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. This review explores the genetic factors associated with PCOS, summarizing results from candidate gene analyses and genome-wide association studies. Important genetic variations in genes involved in ovarian function, gonadotropin regulation, insulin resistance, and androgen production have been consistently implicated. The interaction between multiple genetic variations suggests a polygenic inheritance pattern, which contributes to the variety of clinical symptoms. Understanding these genetic alterations is critical to identifying the molecular basis of this syndrome and may pave the way for precision medicine strategies that target specific genetic profiles in the future.
Study of some biochemical factors among patients with Hepatitis C virus in Diyala Governorate
The HCV leads Hepatitis can be either acute or chronic, with severity levels that can vary from a mild illness lasting a couple of weeks to a severe, lifelong condition, and it's a leading cause of liver cancer. HCV is transmitted through blood, and the most common way people get infected is by coming into contact with small amounts of blood. This study set out to look into how widespread the serological marker (anti-HCV Ab) is among the groups being examined.to (renal dialysis patients, thalassemia patients, blood donor and healthy control) in Diyala, Iraq. The current study was held in Diyala province between the times/ from January/2025 to September / 2025. This study included 360 participants. The Mean ± SD of age was 30.0 ±17.5 years with a range (3-69) years. The majority are men, (76.9% versus ±23.1%). This study were included four groups (90 patients under renal dialysis, 90 patients with thalassemia blood donors group consist of 90 individuals and another 90 individuals were included as healthy control). Special survey was pre-constructed to collect information regarding age, sex, residence and education level. The information was collected through short personal interview with patients. The results in this study showed 36 (10%) were positive for anti-HCV Abs with 32.2% and 7.8% among the renal dialysis and thalassemia groups respectively with a statistically high difference (P= 0.0001). However, all participants in the blood donors and healthy individuals were negative for anti-HCV Ab. According to social factors the results of anti-HCV Ab founded the age, the results showed that the anti-HCV Ab positivity rate was significantly higher among 50-59 years old compared to other age groups (P= 0.0001). While the other social factors (gender, residence and education) the results was statistically insignificant. Finally, Results revealed the distribution of anti-HCV Ab positivity rate according to biochemical markers (Glucose test, Blood urea test, Creatinine test, Total bilirubin test, Albumin test, Total protein test, ALT test and AST test) were statistical analysis significantly higher (P value= 0.0001) among all biochemical markers according to positivity rate of anti-HCV Ab. The conclusion from this study, the prevalence of HCV infection was high among study groups in Diyala province/Iraq and HCV infection progressively compromises liver function.
Hepatitis C virus, anti- HCV Abs, hepatitis infection, ALT liver enzyme and AST liver enzyme
Application of Radioimmunoassay Technology for the Detection of Thyroid Disorder Among Diabetic Patients
Over 200 million people worldwide are affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), according to research Sub-clinical hypothyroidism in diabetic individuals has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. The aim of this study is to assess thyroid dysfunction in hypoglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes through comprehensive evaluation of thyroid hormone profiles using radioimmunoassay technology.This study divided in two groups firstly carried 40 patients with tybe2 diabetes mellitus were included in this study age range (40-60) years, a full clinical estimation was applied for all patients including physical examinations, and history of disease. Second group involved 40 healthy volunteers age range (40-60) years included in this present study as control.. All the patients were euthyroid, and there are no clinically significant cases of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The mean of total and free tri-iodothyroxine levels was significantly lower in patients with type 2 DM (1.19 ± 0.292, 3.24 ± 1.13, respectively) than in the control group (1.58 ± 0.33, 4.73 ± 0.99, respectively), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively), while total and free thyroxine and thyrotropin showed no statistically significant difference. Thyroid hormone abnormalities are common in DM type 2 patients, euthyroid was more common among patients with hypoglycemia than hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, So, regular screening for thyroid hormone abnormalities in DM2 will allow early treatment of subclinical thyroid abnormalities.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; thyroid dysfunction; thyroid hormones; radio-immunoassay; triiodothyronine (T3); thyroxine (T4); fasting blood sugar; endocrine disorders; metabolic regulation
Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Collapse of Bacterial Diversity under Antibiotic Stress
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a biological process that enables bacteria to exchange genetic material independently of cell division and plays a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance (ABR). This review provides an overview of how antibiotic stress, particularly misuse and low-dose exposure, can enhance HGT and alter bacterial community diversity. Based on evidence from environmental, clinical, and agriculture studies, we highlight that antibiotic pressure can facilitate HGT through several mechanisms, including increased cell-to-cell contact, activation of stress response pathways, and the formation of biofilms that act as hotspots for genetic exchange. As HGT promotes the spread of resistance genes and improves bacterial survival under antibiotic pressure, gradually, resistant strains may become dominant within microbial communities, leading to a decline in bacterial diversity. Such loss of diversity may result in significant ecological consequences, including reduced efficiency of pollutant degradation and disruption of nitrogen cycling processes. Furthermore, emerging strategies aimed at limiting HGT under antibiotic pressure are discussed; particularly those that may help preserve microbial diversity, support ecosystem stability, and contribute to improved public health outcomes.
Assessment of the radioactivity of phosphogypsum at the General Phosphate Company in Anbar Governorate, Iraq
This study evaluates the potential radiological hazards associated with phosphogypsum waste; a byproduct generated by the General Company for Phosphates. Phosphogypsum waste is often considered an environmental hazard because it contains naturally occurring radioactive materials, primarily 226Ra. To assess the radioactivity levels in the phosphogypsum waste, 10 samples were collected from different locations. The samples were analyzed using high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry. The average activity concentration of 226Ra was 640.8 ± 12.3 Bq/kg. This level falls well within the international standard range established for 226Ra (15–1140 Bq/kg) and indicates that the radiological characteristics of the locally sourced material are comparable to those reported for other industrial sites worldwide. This study provides important baseline data on the radioactivity present in locally produced phosphogypsum waste, which may inform future environmental quality assessments and the development of safe waste management strategies.
naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)‎
radioactivity state company for phosphate
phosphogypsum (PG), naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), radioactivity state ‎company for phosphate, gamma-ray spectroscopy system.‎
Phytoremediation Technique for Pesticide-Contaminated Environments as a Green and Eco-Friendly Approach: A Review
Phytoremediation, or bioremediation, is the use of plants and their rhizosphere's microorganisms to contain, remove, transform, or detoxify pollutants in soil, water, or air. This eco-friendly method has become a very effective strategy for addressing pesticide contamination, one of the major global environmental issues, and has even been proven in scientific circles. The review's main purpose is to present phytoremediation in detail to the world as a sustainable, environmentally friendly technology for the cleanup of pesticide-contaminated soils. The review integrates the latest information on bioremediating plants and, at the same time, emphasizes recent developments in different plant species proficient at accumulating or degrading pesticide residues. Among the major phytoremediation mechanisms are phytoextraction, wherein the contaminants are taken up and stored in the plant parts that can be easily collected; phytodegradation, which is the process of breaking down the pollutants by plants and their associated microorganisms' metabolic activities; phytostabilization, preventing the contamination spread and the toxins being taken up by living organisms in soils and sediments; phytovolatilization, the conversion of the less toxic forms of the pollutants and their release into the atmosphere; and rhizofiltration, the practice whereby the roots of the plants act as filters to remove contaminants from the water supplying them. Together, the above-stated mechanisms play a significant role in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and their persistence in the environment. The review points out the pros and cons of efficiency between phytoremediation and conventional methods, the latter often being very expensive, energy-intensive, and environmentally damaging. In conclusion, phytoremediation is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly option for large-scale pesticide cleanup, helping nature recover and protecting the environment for the long term.
Phytoremediation , Pesticides, Sustainable, Eco-friendly, Pollutants, Environment
Evaluating the Role of Visfatin and Metabolic Markers in Osteoarthritis Cases with Diabetes Mellitus in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
It was demonstrated that neuropathy was due to impaired glucose control levels in the blood, which caused pain due to osteoarthritis. Early, undetectable levels of biological alteration are characteristic of both osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus, which are chronic diseases. This study was conducted to investigate serum visfatin levels and their association with parameters in patients with osteoarthritis. Sixty-eight patients with diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis are included in the present research to examine the effect of visfatin and associated clinical markers in these cases. Twenty healthy control volunteers were used to compare the outcomes. Accurate kits were used to determine visfatin and related parameters. The present study's findings revealed increases in visfatin, glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance levels among patients, while insulin levels decreased. It appears that visfatin has been established to have a physiological effect on osteoarthritis in patients suffering from type II diabetes mellitus.
Visfatin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Neuropathy, Osteoarthritis.
The Renin-Angiotensin System and Metabolic Dysfunction in PCOS: Associations Between Angiotensin Peptides, HOMA-IR, and BMI
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disorder that affects both the metabolic and endocrine systems, characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. It is strongly associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disturbances, with evidence suggesting that androgens may directly stimulate the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This case–control study aimed to investigate the correlation of angiotensin peptides, HOMA-IR, and BMI in women with PCOS. A total of 90 reproductive-age women were enrolled, including 45 newly diagnosed PCOS patients (according to Rotterdam criteria) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. The levels of renin, angiotensin II, angiotensin 1–7, fasting insulin, and BMI were measured, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test and independent samples t-test, whereas one-way ANOVA was applied to evaluate variations across BMI categories within the PCOS cohort. Correlations were evaluated using Spearman’s and Pearson’s methods, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Compared with controls, PCOS patients showed no significant differences in renin (p = 0.254) and angiotensin II (p = 0.114) levels, whereas HOMA-IR, angiotensin 1–7, and BMI were significantly elevated (all p < 0.01). Correlation analysis within the PCOS group revealed a negative relationship between renin and HOMA-IR (p = 0.045, r = –0.3). These findings highlight RAS alterations in PCOS, particularly reduced angiotensin 1–7 levels, which may indicate impaired protective RAS activity and its association with insulin resistance. Furthermore, elevated angiotensin II levels in women over 25 years suggest potential age-related RAS dysregulation, reinforcing the role of RAS imbalance in PCOS pathophysiology.
Detection of Some Virulence Factors and aac(6)Ib Resistance Gene in Clinical Proteus mirabilis isolates
The Proteus mirabilis. are opportunistic members of Enterobacteriaceae ,accounting for 10% of urinary tract infections and other primary clinical infections. They produce beta-lactamases that can confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of some virulence factors with antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of aac-Ib gene The current study have been included 250 specimens were collected from urine sample, wound, burn, diabetic foot, and vaginal swabs conducted in Baquba Teaching Hospital, Al-Batool Teaching Hospital, and AlKhalis hospital in Diyala province during the period extended from August 2023 to January 2024. A total of 250 specimens Isolates were identified by morphological form on blood agar and macConkey agar, traditional biochemical tests. The results showed that 75 isolates were identified as P. mirabilis (30%) consisted of 35 isolates (46.7%) obtained from urine, 8 isolates (10.7%) obtained from wound, 10 isolates (13.3%) obtained from burns and diabetic foot and 12 isolates (16%) obtained from vaginal swabs. The higher rate of positive isolates were recorded in urine samples. Females isolation rate was much more than in males 60% and 40% respectively and patients age group 21- 30 year was more prevalence than other groups. It was found that the more effective antibiotic against isolates was the norfloxacin followed by levofloxacin, where all isolates were sensitive to it. On the other hand, the less effective antibiotics were amikacin and oxacillin when they were resisted by all isolates.
P. mirabilis, biofilm, amikacin, virulent factors, PCR, aacIb
Copyright (c) 2025 CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study the effect of crystallite size for Cu NPs on the degradation of methylene blue dye under the sun light illumination
In the present work, the colloidal nanoparticles were prepared from a bulk metal by laser ablation technique. Copper thin films were fabricated via a simple deposition method (drop casting method). This study focuses on degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye (MB). The films were analyzed by using X- ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscope (SEM). We found from results of X- ray and SEM decrease the crystallite size from (39 to 31 nm) with increase pulse numbers, also the grain size decrease and surface homogeneity increased when the pulses number increases from (1500 to 2500). The copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) shown Photo-catalytic activity in different irradiation time. Photocatalytic properties were evident on the absorption of methylene blue dye (MB) increase when increases irradiation time and add Cu NPs. Degradation efficiency of MB dye increases progressively with longer irradiation times and decreases grain size of CuNPs, so that the relationship between crystallite size and degradation efficiency was inversely. Found from results two factors effect on the Degradation efficiency, first the irradiation time, second the crystallite size.
Cu NPs, methylene blue dye, laser ablation and crystallite size
copper, methylene blue, laser ablation technique, nanoparticles.
Efficient Fuzzy Solutions for Linear Fractional Programming Problems: Using Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers and the Decomposition Method
This paper presents an efficient method for solving fully fuzzy linear fractional programming (FFLFP) problems using pentagonal fuzzy numbers (PFNs) and the decomposition method. In real-world decision-making, uncertainty is inevitable, and fuzzy set theory provides a powerful framework to model such uncertainty. The proposed approach decomposes the FFLFP problem into five independent linear fractional programming (LFP) problems. Each LFP is transformed into a linear programming (LP) problem using the Charnes and Cooper transformation and solved via the simplex method. The obtained solutions are then aggregated to construct an efficient fuzzy solution. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the method. The results show that the proposed technique is accurate and suitable for solving complex optimization problems under uncertainty.
Fully Fuzzy Linear Fractional Programming Problems
Linear Fractional Programming Problems; Fully Fuzzy Linear Fractional Programming Problems; Fuzzy Sets; Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers; Decomposition Method.
A Hybrid Binary and Multi-Class Classification Model for Network Intrusion Detection
Intrusion detection is a cornerstone in computer networks, maintaining privacy and ensuring availability and security. However, the larger the number of features involved in the intrusion detection process, the more complex it becomes. Therefore, reducing the number of features is necessary. Feature selection techniques can effectively enhance the classifiers' performance by eliminating redundant or irrelevant features. Two powerful models were introduced for anomaly-based intrusion detection based on a binary classifier and a multi-classifier, which both depend on a modified firefly algorithm (FFA) for feature selection. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbour classifiers have been used to evaluate both models over the NSL-KDD dataset. The first and second models have been used for attack classification to distinguish between normal and abnormal traffic, and between four types of attacks, including Denial of Service Attack (DoS), User to Root Attack (U2R), Remote to Local Attack (R2L), Probing Attack, and the normal case, respectively. The models were evaluated for classification accuracy and the number of features. The first model achieved 98% accuracy with 7 selected features, while the second achieved 97% accuracy with 11 selected features.
Intrusion Detection, Feature Selector, NSL-KDD dataset, Firefly Algorithm, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbor.
Thermostable Lipase from Geothermal Thermophiles: Biochemical Characterization and Industrial Application Potential
Thermophilic lipase-producing microorganism’s present important industrial benefits owing to their stability and catalytic activity under extreme environmental conditions. This study sought to isolate and somewhat purify thermostable lipases from thermophilic bacteria collected from geothermal soils in (Hajj Yousef and Qaymawa, Iraq). A total of 68 samples were collected from hot springs at various depths and analyzed for lipase production utilizing tributyrin agar. Promising isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thermoleovorans, and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The lipase enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation trailed by size-exclusion chromatography, yielding a 12-fold purification with 65% recuperation. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band of ~35 kDa. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 70°C and pH 9.0 and retained 85% activity at 80°C and in alkaline pH. Kinetic analysis showed a Km of 2.1 mM and Vmax of 120 U/mg. The enzyme demonstrated substrate specificity toward olive oil and stability in methanol, Ca2+, and SDS. Application trials confirmed 92% conversion of used oil to biodiesel and 80% fat degradation in wastewater. These findings highlight the enzyme's potential in sustainable biotechnology.
triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3
Common Fixed Points and Invariant Best Approximations in 2-Banach Spaces
In this paper, we introduce and study the concepts of 2-f-contraction and 2-f-nonexpansive mappings in the framework of 2-normed spaces. The main objective is to generalize classical contraction-type mappings and provide an effective approach for analyzing nonlinear problems in such spaces. The methodology is based on extending classical fixed point techniques and employing the properties of 2-normed and 2-Banach spaces under suitable contraction conditions. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a common fixed point for two commuting mappings. In addition, two main results concerning invariant best approximation in 2-Banach spaces are obtained. The results extend and improve several known theorems and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach in fixed point theory and approximation problems in 2-normed and 2-Banach spaces.
1A and 4A Genotypes of Hepatitis C Virus and Their Influence on Some Biochemical and Hematological Changes in Infected Iraqi Patient
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) causes about 70 million chronic infections, posing a serious threat to global health. This study aimed to determine the most common HCV genotypes and their effects on liver enzyme and hematological parameter concentrations in Iraqi patients. This study examined 100 untreated HCV cases (infected Iraqi patients; age mean±SD: 41.99±16.78 years) and 100 uninfected HCV cases (control group; age mean±SD: 39.64±13.55 years). The study was conducted from January 2024 to October 2024 at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq Viral genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in hematological parameters, with hemoglobin and PLT levels being significantly higher in infected patients compared to the control group (p<0.05). Similarly, liver enzymes were also increased in Iraqi patients infected with genotypes 1A and 4A of hepatitis C virus (HCV), Patients with the 4A genotype were older on average and showed a greater influence on laboratory parameters, possibly due to a weakened immune response associated with advanced age. In addition, Iraqi patients infected with HCV showed a higher prevalence of the 1A genotype (57%) compared to the 4A genotype (43%). This paper contributes to understanding the relationship between genotypes of HCV and changes in biochemical and hematological parameters by providing accurate information that helps in making evidence-based medical decisions that meet the patients' needs more accurately and effectively.
Biochemical and Hematological Effects of HCV Genotypes 1A and 4A in Iraqi Patients”
The New Stochastic Differential Equations Model for Controlling the Spread of Viral Diseases: HIV as an Example
The main goal of presenting this manuscript is to study the dynamic activities of HIV spread and how to prevent it. The disease behavior was studied by proposing a new stochastic mathematical model. The solution's existence and uniqueness for the proposed mathematical model have been proven. We have also demonstrated the restrictions that must be met for society to rid itself of the scourge of the transmission of HIV by finding the basic reproduction rate. if the basic reproduction rate is less than one this means the disease-free point is stable. Conversely, if the basic reproduction rate is greater than one this means the disease - free point is unstable. The theoretical results were proven numerically through computer simulation using MATLAB.
HIV disease, Basic reproduction rate, Computer simulation, Disease-free point, Stochastic differential equations.
A Preliminary Survey for Mosses in Nurseries of Mosul City With New Record of Three Species
The collection and study of Bryophyte plants in Mesopotamia began in the 16th century AD through the expeditions that flourished at that time. Since that time up to 2025, all published works, on this plant group, were limited to the country's natural ecosystems, while man-made ecosystems were completely neglected. This was the motivation behind directing our efforts toward artificial or man-made ecosystems and conduct a preliminary survey for the species inhabiting them, in order to supplement the available information about them. The present contribution is considered the first survey in Iraq related with the mosses of the manmade ecosystems (i.e.) the nurseries. Mosul city center was chosen for this purpose. The survey covered 7 nurseries, all located in the left side of Tigris river. The results revealed that the recorded species belong to one class of division Bryophyta, 5 orders, 6 families, 11 genera and 19 species, among them, the following three species: Bryum muehlenbeckii Bruch & Schimp., Entosthodon fasicularis (Hedwig) Müller Hal. and Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wilson were considered new addition to the Iraqi bryoflora. Distribution of the species in the nurseries and the richness of each nursery with moss species were widely varied.
Study of Improving the Combustion Rate of Fuel Used in Steam Electric Power Stations Using PentoMag
This study aims to evaluate the effect of the commercial treatment material (PentoMag) on combustion completeness in fossil-fueled steam power plants, using the unburned carbon fraction in the ash as a key indicator. Ash samples were collected daily over 10 days, purified, weighed, and combusted in a laboratory furnace to determine unburned carbon content. The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were also measured using a specialized gas analyzer. Results indicated that the unburned carbon fraction was significantly high prior to treatment, reflecting incomplete combustion. Following treatment with the material, a notable reduction in the percentage of unburned carbon was observed, indicating greater fuel oxidation and improved overall combustion efficiency. Additionally, CO and CO₂ emissions decreased, demonstrating improved environmental performance of the combustion process. These findings suggest that the treatment material can effectively promote complete combustion and reduce harmful emissions in thermal power plants.
Combustion Rate, Emissions, Unburned Carbon
The Importance of Biochemical Markersin Diagnosing,Managing and Predicting Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a widespread and intricate metabolic illness marked by persistent high blood sugar because of flaws in insulin production, insulin activity, or both. Current treatments don't address the disease's complete development, and management often fails because individual traits vary. People may experience either a metabolic pathway becoming inactive or over stimulated, which can lead to different levels of blood sugar control. Biochemical markers of this condition are very important for early detection, management, and diagnosis because clinical symptoms alone are often not reliable. The focus of treatment should be on results, including supporting mental health care. Diabetes is growing around the world, especially in developing regions where healthcare access is spotty. Therefore, investigating how precision medicine, along with biometrics and biochemical data, can augment existing methods is of value. These sources of data could improve health outcomes and reduce future problems. Samples were taken from patients from several hospitals in Diyala Governorate: Baquba Teaching Hospital, Al-Zahraa Hospital, and Al-Khalis Hospital. This investigation included 90 patients with various forms of diabetes (T1DM, T2DM, and gestational), aged 25 to 70, with a male to female ratio of 38/52. The distribution of diabetes types was as follows: T2DM (47/90), T1DM (17/90), and gestational diabetes (26/90). Sample collection took place over 10 months. This investigation sought to examine diabetes cases and the function of biochemical markers (HbA1c, LDL, and triglycerides) along with biometric variables (body weight and BMI) in creating specific treatments. The results showed better blood sugar control and lowered heart issue risk. Treatment plans considering individual biochemistry helped lower blood sugar and reduce body inflammation. Doctors may improve patient care by creating plans based on individual needs, rather than using a standard approach. The findings suggest that personalized medicine can improve the treatment of diabetes patients, reduce side impacts, and improve overall well-being.
Appraisal the Importance of Dehydroepiandrosterone, Metabolites, and Genus Aspergillus in Cancer research
Steroids are natural compounds found in animals, plants, fungi, and some bacteria. Microbial transformation plays a critical role in the biotransformation of steroids, enabling the production of compounds with high regional and spatial selectivity. Cancer remains one of the most significant scientific challenges, causing millions of deaths each year. Consequently, major research efforts are focused on discovering new therapies, particularly due to the emergence of certain fungi that exhibit anticancer properties, which could lead to innovative treatments. Metabolites, which are intermediate products of biochemical processes in living organisms, are essential for clinical diagnosis. Therefore, accurate detection of their concentrations is crucial. In this work, I will describe an experiment published at the 1st International Karatekin Science and Technology Congress, held from September 1-3, 2022 in Çankırı, Turkey. The aim is to clarify the inputs, outputs, and processes to enhance the understanding of the key concepts discussed here. The experiment focused on incubating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with Aspergillus glaucus, which primarily resulted in the production of several hydroxylated metabolites. Discussing this experiment as one of the experiments that produces metabolites as a result of the biotransformation of steroids may have a major role in the development of promising treatments for cancer.
Biotransformation, Steroids, Metabolism, Aspergillus species, Anti-cancer agents.
This manuscript concerns the importance of steroid biotransformations and the importance of the metabolites produced in cancer therapeutics research.
Evaluation of the Proposed Hand Vein Authentication System using Machine Learning
This paper discusses the use of a biometric system for secure authentication based on deeper exploration in hand vein patterns to derive more reliability as a good biometric trait. The proposed system identifies internal hand vein patterns, and also identifies individuals correctly throughout their lifetime. The proposed system follows a three-phase approach comprising data processing, feature extraction, and feature evaluation. For the advanced filtering techniques in a dataset of 420 hand vein images, the approach goes to Box filters, HFEF, and CLAHE, then to discrete cosine transformation and image fusion. The features are extracted through PCA Net for acquiring the most distinctive attributes of hand veins. The different machine learning algorithms used in this evaluation for classification of the extracted features include SVM, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes. Results indicate highest accuracy for Logistic Regression algorithm (99.7%) and SVM algorithm of (99.6%). However, Random Forest algorithm has an accuracy of (98%), while Naive Bayes algorithm shows poorer accuracy of (91%).
Biometric authentication, hand vein patterns, machine learning, feature extraction.
A Numerical Study of Linear Two-Points Boundary Value Problems with ODEs of Fourth-Order Using RKM Method
This study established the numerical RKM approach for solving linear two-point boundary value problems involving fourth-order ordinary differential equations. However, the proposed developed numerical RKM method has been tested using some implementations in order to compare it with the exact solutions to establish the method's validity. Furthermore, this comparison demonstrates that the proposed direct integrator is more efficient than the indirect method in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In addition, numerical implementations are used in order to show the efficiency and time-based complexity of function evaluations. This direct method's suggested strategy, which has wonderful qualities like quick and efficient calculation, also requires fewer computational employees.
RKM, Ordinary Differential Equations; Boundary Value Problems, Order, DEs, ODEs.
Vitamin D3 Deficiency is a risk Factor for the Low Ferritin in Iraqi Alzheimer's type-2- Diabetic Patients
Alzheimer's disease and Type-2- Diabetes Mellitus are prevalent chronic diseases linked by likely a bi-directional relationship, this relationship is partially understood. the aim of the present study is highlighting the biochemical relationship between the two complicated diseases in the term of biochemical parameters vitamin D3, Calcium, Ferritin and iron. Thirty (30) patients suffers from both Alzheimer's and type-2-diabetes participated in the present study, the study design involved two groups : the patients group included Alzheimer's type-2-diabetic patients with the age ranged between (48-55) years and termed as (G) , this group compared with healthy subjects as a control group ( C ) which composed of thirty subjects matched in age with the patients. The biochemical parameters: HbA1c, FBS, vitamin D3, Calcium, Ferritin and Iron were determined in sera of the patients and control groups. It has been reported that the levels of HbA1c, FBS were highly significant increased while the levels of vitamin D3, calcium, ferritin and iron were highly significant decreased in sera of Alzheimer's type 2- diabetic patients compared with the healthy subjects. The present study is the first in Iraq reporting that vitamin D3 deficiency is regarded as a risk factor to the low level of ferritin in Iraqi Alzheimer’s type-2- diabetic patients. Additionally, the biochemical parameters (vitamin D3, Calcium, Ferritin and iron) collectively submit a supportive finding to the bi-directional relationship between Alzheimer's disease and type -2- diabetes mellitus.
a clinical biochemistry research article
Review on Eco-friendly Green Synthesis Methods of Tungsten OxideNanoparticles
Synthesis of tungsten oxide nanoparticles by alternative method has been use of environmentally friendly green methods that involve natural materials like plants, bacteria, fungi, solvothermal, microwave-assisted, biosynthesis, sonochemical, polysaccharides, seaweed, plant-derived materials, biodegradable polymers, and algae. using effective green chemistry to create nanoparticles has sparked a lot of attention lately due to its environmental friendly, simplicity, affordability, and clean technology. It also doesn't use any dangerous chemicals and produces no impurities or wastes. Plant extracts have garnered the greatest attention among these bio-entities due to their special natural qualities that enable them in a single production step to stabilize and decrease metal nanoparticles. The changes and future prospects of green synthesis methods using plant extracts, solvothermal, microwave-assisted, biosynthesis, and sonochemical processes for tungsten oxide nanoparticles are reviewed in this paper.
Relation between Renal Function and Insulin Resistance of Type 2 Diabetic Iraqi Patients
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a condition where the body's ability to regulate and utilize glucose as fuel is compromised. As a result of this chronic ailment, excess sugar circulates in the bloodstream. Thus, it can be described as a cluster of metabolic disorders that manifest through factors like insulin resistance and give rise to various complications. These conditions impact several physiological organs, leading to reduced efficiency in their functioning. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to interpret the relationship between insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and renal function. The methods employed in this investigation were designed to achieve these specific aims, seventy patients and twenty controls were involved for this study. The patients of T2DM was divided into three group according to them eGFR, 20 stage I patients (G1), 25 stage II diabetic patients (G2) and 25 stage III diabetic patients (G3). Insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and renal function were measured in all subject. The study's findings indicated that patients in Group 3 (G3) with elevated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) exhibited significantly higher insulin levels (14.48 μIU/ml) and HOMA-IR values (8.66) compared to other patients. Moreover, diabetic patients had significantly higher serum insulin levels than those in the healthy control group (P<0.001). The diabetic group also demonstrated a marked degree of insulin resistance compared to the healthy control group. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between HOMA-IR, eGFR, and Duration in the diabetic patients. Conclusion: higher insulin levels and insulin resistance appear to contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Eco-friendly Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles with Detecting Antibacterial Activity on Gram-Positive Bacteria from UTI
Urinary tract infection is a worldwide health issue caused by various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the misuse of antibiotics has contributed to increasing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens. In the present study, 150 urine specimens were collected between the beginning of December 2023 and the end of April 2024 from patients attending Baqubah Teaching Hospital and Al-Batoul Teaching Hospital in Diyala. The specimens were distributed among 60 males and 90 females. The isolates were identified by bacteriological and biochemical tests, which revealed two species belonging to Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus 50 (33.3%) and Enterococcus faecalis 10 (6.7%), whereas four species belonged to Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli 30 (20%), Acinetobacter baumannii 22 (14.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 20 (13.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (12%). The identification was then confirmed by the Vitek-2 system. Susceptibility tests were performed for all isolates against 14 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method, which indicated that more than half of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were biosynthesized using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a substrate with aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds. The formation of Ag NPs was evidenced by a color change from light yellow to dark brown. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). AFM and SEM analyses indicated that nanoparticle sizes ranged from 25 to 60 nm, while XRD revealed an average crystallite size of 20 nm. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs showed notable effects against bacterial isolates, with the highest inhibitory diameter observed at 200 mg/ml reaching 25 mm. The MIC of Nigella sativa ranged from 3.125 to 12.5 ug/ml, whereas that of Ag nanoparticles ranged from 1.5 to 12.5 ug/ml.
Review Article: Tumor Markers, Types and Clinical Applications
Over the past ten years, tumor markers have played an increasingly important role in clinical oncology. This trend is expected to continue as technology advances and our knowledge of the human body and disease processes grows. In the treatment of cancer, tumor markers are widely used for a variety of purposes, including screening, selecting a management strategy, determining the prognosis, and post-therapy follow-up. A comprehensive of the fundamentals of pathophysiology and identification strategies for each specific malignancy is necessary for their prudent application in clinical practice. Oncology's use of cancer biomarkers has transformed the way that cancer is treated, and led to notable improvements in patient outcomes and cancer treatment.
Over the past ten years, tumor markers have played an increasingly important role in clinical oncology. This trend is expected to continue as technology advances and our knowledge of the human body and disease processes grows. In the treatment of cancer, tumor markers are widely used for a variety of purposes, including screening, selecting a management strategy, determining the prognosis, and post-therapy follow-up. A comprehensive comprehension of the fundamentals of pathophysiology and identification strategies for each specific malignancy is necessary for their prudent application in clinical practice